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Potentilla erecta L., Galium verum L., and Melilotus officinalis L. extracts were prepared using ultrasound-assisted extraction under the following conditions: 70% (v/v) ethanol, 30 min, 60 °C, with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 40 mL/g. After the dilution, the UV-Vis spectra of the prepared extracts were recorded, and their antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS test. The obtained results revealed that all extracts exhibited antioxidant activities exceeding 98%. Such characterized diluted extracts were further employed for the functionalization and/or dyeing of cotton, cellulose acetate, and polyamide fabrics. The antioxidant activities of cotton, cellulose acetate, and polyamide fabrics functionalized with Potentilla erecta L. extract were found to be 90.19%, 95.78%, and 99.40%, respectively. Cotton, cellulose acetate, and polyamide fabrics functionalized with Galium verum L. extract displayed antioxidant activities of 52.56%, 79.71%, and 99.25%, respectively. Corresponding results for antioxidant activity of fabrics functionalized with Melilotus officinalis L. extract were 77.60%, 88.16%, and 100%, respectively. Among examined extracts, Potentilla erecta L. has an affinity for dyeing fabrics, therefore, their color coordinates were determined. Colorimetric measurements pointed out that functionalized cellulose acetate manifests a lighter and greener appearance compared to cotton and polyamide fabrics, while functionalized cotton fabric demonstrated a yellower tonality in relation to the cellulose acetate and polyamide fabrics. The release of bioactive compounds from nine functionalized fabrics was monitored in a physiological saline solution at 37 °C for 24 h. Based on the results, it can be concluded that cotton fabric functionalized with Potentilla erecta L. extract has the highest release of bioactive compounds, making it suitable for producing high-value-added medical textiles with protective functions such as wound dressing. Additionally, all other fabrics possessing excellent antioxidant activities (>90%) can also be considered for use in disposable medical textiles.